The factors affecting the efficient and effective use of sanitation technologies are highly diverse and applying one-size fits all approaches has been proven not to work. Aguaconsult collaborated with Bluechain Consulting to carry out desk-based research on 'Improving Rural Sanitation in Challenging Contexts' on behalf of the  Sanitation Learning Hub at IDS, UNICEF and WaterAid.  The research recommendations amongst others, include building the evidence base to identify who the ‘last mile’ is, quantify these groups and understand the barriers they face.